Patients often describe symptoms of the lower extremities using non-medical, experiential language. When interpreters render these descriptions into clinically relevant terminology, they must do so carefully and accurately, ensuring that the patient’s meaning is preserved without adding, omitting, or altering clinical content.

• Peripheral Neuropathy: A patient may say, “My feet feel like they are burning or tingling, and sometimes they go completely numb.” An interpreter should accurately report this as the patient experiencing paresthesia and numbness, allowing the physician to determine if these are signs of nerve damage.
• Plantar Fasciitis: A patient might report, “It feels like a stabbing pain in my heel when I take my first steps in the morning.” An interpreter can convey this exact description, helping the clinician evaluate if the inflammation involves the thick band of tissue running across the bottom of the foot.

• Why this matters: General terms such as “foot pain” may refer to a range of sensations with different clinical implications. Accurately conveying the patient’s exact description allows the clinician to determine whether the symptom is consistent with a mechanical issue, such as a stress fracture, or a systemic issue, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Distinguishing Between Similar Foot Conditions

Podiatry contains terms that sound similar or involve specific structural classifications that have very different meanings. Dropping a prefix or misinterpreting an abbreviation can change the understanding of whether a condition is a minor alignment issue or a serious infection.

• Hallux Valgus vs. Hallux Rigidus:
  • Hallux Valgus: Commonly known as a bunion, this is a structural deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe.
  • Hallux Rigidus: A form of degenerative arthritis that causes pain and stiffness in the big toe joint, often without the bony bump associated with a bunion.
• Onychomycosis vs. Onychocryptosis: Although both involve the nails, they require different treatments. Onychomycosis refers to a fungal infection of the nail, while Onychocryptosis is the medical term for an ingrown toenail.
• Interpreter considerations: When clinicians discuss conditions such as a callus versus a plantar wart, the interpreter must ensure the information is conveyed fully and accurately, without additions or substitutions, as the underlying causes (friction vs. viral infection) are distinct.

Podiatric evaluation focuses on the function of the lower extremity as a whole rather than isolated bones. Clinicians assess how weight is distributed and how the foot functions during the gait cycle (the process of walking).

• Pronation vs. Supination: Pronation refers to the natural inward roll of the foot as the arch flattens, while Supination is the outward roll of the foot. Misinterpreting these terms can lead to incorrect orthotic recommendations.
• Charcot Foot: A serious condition, often associated with diabetes, where the bones in the foot weaken and can break or shift out of place.
• Ulceration: If a patient is told they have a “non-healing wound,” an interpreter must convey this exactly as stated, without implying a cause, so the physician can discuss the risk of infection or the need for vascular intervention.

Providing only a partial summary or “the gist” of a foot exam can risk miscommunication. By accurately conveying distinctions such as cellulitis (a deep skin infection) versus dermatitis (surface skin irritation), interpreters ensure patients receive the full information needed to understand their condition, while leaving clinical judgment to the physician. Precision is critical in podiatric care.

• Vague Symptoms vs. Specific Hormonal Shifts: A patient might say, “I feel like my heart is constantly thumping and I can’t stop shaking.” If an interpreter simply says “the patient is anxious,” the doctor may miss key clinical indicators for palpitations and tremors, which are essential for diagnosing an overactive thyroid.
• Atypical Presentation of Blood Sugar: A patient experiencing low blood sugar might report feeling “jittery, sweaty, and confused.” An interpreter must convey these exact descriptors—such as diaphoresis and altered mental status—rather than summarizing it as “feeling unwell”. This allows the physician to evaluate the symptoms as potential signs of hypoglycemia.
• Visual and Physical Markers: If a patient describes an “abnormal lump in my neck,” the interpreter should report this exact observation. This provides a specific clinical marker that may indicate a goiter or thyroid enlargement, which the physician must assess without the interpreter assigning a cause.
  

Preserving Meaning Without Assumptions

Faithfully conveying a patient’s exact description—without adding labels or making assumptions about causes—is essential for diagnostic integrity.

• Descriptive Accuracy over Medical Labels: When a patient says, “I am thirsty all the time and going to the bathroom every hour,” reporting it as “excessive thirst and frequent urination” preserves the patient’s observation⁹⁹⁹⁹. This allows the doctor to investigate whether the cause is Diabetes Mellitus or the much rarer Diabetes Insipidus.
• Subjective Scaling: If a patient reports “extreme lethargy” versus just “being tired,” the interpreter must capture that intensity. In endocrinology, the severity of fatigue can distinguish a minor deficiency from a serious condition like Addison’s disease.

Providing only a partial summary or a simplified version of a patient’s description can lead to treatment approaches that are not indicated. For example, if an interpreter omits specific details about a patient’s “weight gain despite not eating much,” the clinician may miss a sign of a metabolic disorder.

By accurately rendering the patient’s unique way of describing their condition—without interpretation or substitution—the interpreter ensures that the physician receives the full information needed to apply their clinical judgment. In the world of hormones, where tiny imbalances cause major symptoms, every specific word matters.

Patients often describe symptoms of blood disorders using non-medical, experiential language. When interpreters render these descriptions into clinically relevant terminology, they must do so carefully and accurately, ensuring that the patient’s meaning is preserved without adding, omitting, or altering clinical content.

• Anemia: A patient may say, “I feel like I have no energy and my heart is racing.” An interpreter can accurately report this as the patient experiencing fatigue and palpitations, allowing the physician to determine if these are signs of a low red blood cell count.
• Thrombocytopenia: A patient might report “strange tiny red dots on my skin” or “bruising for no reason.” An interpreter can convey this as the patient noticing petechiae or unexplained ecchymosis, leaving the clinical assessment of a low platelet count to the physician.
• Why this matters: Generalizing a patient’s description of “tiredness” might cause a clinician to overlook the specific physical markers of a hematological condition. Faithfully conveying the patient’s exact words allows the physician to assess the clinical significance themselves.

Hematology contains terms that may sound similar or involve complex acronyms that have very different meanings. Dropping a prefix or misinterpreting an abbreviation can change the understanding of whether a condition is a benign deficiency or a malignant process.

• CBC (Complete Blood Count): A standard test used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection, and leukemia.
• Hgb vs. Hct: While both relate to red blood cells, Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures the oxygen-carrying protein, while Hematocrit (Hct) measures the percentage of total blood volume made up of red cells.
• Leukemia vs. Lymphoma:
  • Leukemia: A type of cancer that typically starts in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
  • Lymphoma: A cancer that begins in the cells of the lymph system, which is part of the immune system.
• Interpreter considerations: When clinicians discuss specific conditions such as hemophilia versus von Willebrand disease, the interpreter must ensure the information is conveyed fully and accurately, without additions or substitutions, as the clotting factors involved are distinct and require different treatments.

Hematological evaluation focuses on the function and production of blood cells rather than a single isolated organ. Clinicians assess how cells are generated in the bone marrow and how they function within the circulatory system.

• Bone Marrow Aspiration: A procedure used to collect a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow for diagnostic evaluation.
• Coagulation: The process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
• Sickle Cell Disease: A group of inherited red blood cell disorders where the cells become hard and sticky and shaped like a C-shaped farm tool.

Providing only a partial summary or “the gist” of a hematology consult can risk serious miscommunication. By accurately conveying distinctions such as neutropenia (low white blood cell count) versus pancytopenia (a reduction in all types of blood cells), interpreters ensure patients receive the full information needed to understand their condition, while leaving clinical judgment to the physician. Precision is critical in hematological care.

Precision in Gastrointestinal Interpretation

Patients frequently describe GI symptoms using everyday sensory or experiential language. Interpreters must convey these descriptions accurately to allow clinicians to evaluate the mechanical or functional nature of the issue without any distortion of meaning.

• Patient: “It feels like a fire in my chest after I eat.” Interpreter: “The patient reports a burning sensation in the chest following meals.”
• Patient: “Food keeps getting stuck in my throat.” Interpreter: “The patient reports a sensation of food being lodged in the throat.”
• Why this matters: General terms such as “stomach ache” can refer to a wide range of conditions. Accurately conveying a patient’s exact description helps a clinician determine if the symptom is consistent with GERD (acid reflux) or Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).

Distinguishing Between Similar Conditions

Gastroenterology includes many conditions and procedures that sound similar but indicate very different clinical paths. Incomplete or generalized interpretation can compromise patient understanding and lead to treatment approaches that are not indicated.

• IBD vs. IBS:
  • IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease): Includes conditions like Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, which involve chronic inflammation and visible damage to the digestive tract.
  • IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome): A functional disorder that causes pain and discomfort but does not cause inflammation or permanent damage to the organs.
• Endoscopy vs. Colonoscopy: While both involve using a camera (endoscope) to view the digestive tract, an Endoscopy (EGD) looks at the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum), while a Colonoscopy examines the large intestine (colon).

Clinical Significance of Patient Descriptions

Accurately rendering how a patient describes their symptoms—without interpretation or substitution—is critical in gastrointestinal care.

• Melena: A patient might report “black, sticky stools.” This should be rendered exactly as stated. If an interpreter substitutes this with “dark stools,” the clinician might miss a critical sign of upper GI bleeding.
• Hematochezia: A patient might report “bright red blood when I go to the bathroom.” This specific detail points to lower GI bleeding, whereas a generalized term like “bleeding” is less diagnostically useful.

GI Systems and Procedure Classification

Gastroenterological evaluation focuses on the function of the digestive organs and the movement of food and waste through the body. Clinicians assess how signals, enzymes, and muscles work together within the GI tract.

• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): A specialized procedure used to study the bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder.
• Ascites: The accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, often associated with advanced liver disease. If an interpreter omits clinical qualifiers or simplifies the patient’s description of “swelling,” the clinician’s assessment of the severity of liver dysfunction may be affected.

Faithfully rendering the specific terminology used by clinicians and accurately conveying the patient’s description of events supports clinical evaluation. Generalizing or simplifying terminology may obscure distinctions that are relevant to diagnosis and life-saving treatment planning.

The information of this blog is based on our own research, with which AI then generated a video and voice-over for.

We have had an expert from medical interpretation services to review it.

This is an interesting look at what AI generates when given human input.

For example, it starts the video by asking the question: “Am I the only one who didn’t know the true weight of medical interpreters?”

And then it asks other questions like what it thinks patients will hear: “Can I afford this?” and “Will it hurt?”

These are questions that the AI came up with on its own while the rest of the content after that is what we input into the prompt.

We also included data from various sources such as a 2023 article from Palliative Medicine.

Researching data and having AI help to put it together into an emotional video really helps to show our point about how important interpreters are and what they carry on their shoulders. They are truly so important to our lives!

Transcript

Am I the only one that didn’t know the true weight of medical interpreters? These unsung heroes are more than just translators.

Imagine you’re in a hospital room, a patient gasps for air, the doctor explains three life altering options, and the interpreter, they’re the only one who truly understands both sides. Medical Interpreters face immense challenges. They hear questions like, can we afford this or will it hurt? They must navigate these with precision, staying objective, not swaying decisions.

Studies show even a minor translation slip can impact choices. They’re not just wordsmiths. They’re crucial mediators. Did you know interpreters often experience distress, overwhelm, guilt, loneliness and discomfort?

When facilitating palliative care conversations, “76% of interpreters found end of life conversations more stressful than others” [The emotional effects on professional interpreters of interpreting palliative care conversations for adult patients: A rapid review. Palliat Med. 2023].

They need our support, debriefing, mental health resources, because their role is more vital than we realize.

Next time you’re at a hospital, remember interpreters are the fragile bridge between fear and clarity; science and the human heart. Let’s support them as they support us.

Visual Storytelling

We provided our content to AI and let the AI work its magic. Here’s how the transformation unfolded:

1. Script Adaptation: AI transformed the blog into a script while maintaining the emotional depth of the narrative. AI’s understanding of context ensured key moments, like the patient gasping for air or the interpreter navigating life-or-death translations, were vividly demonstrated.
2. Scene Composition: AI automatically selected visuals that resonated with the content. Sterile hospital rooms, moments of intense decision-making, and the emotional toll of interpreters.
3. Audio Enhancements: Voiceovers and background music were added to match the video’s tone.

After uploading the script into AI, we selected:

• Platform: “YouTube” (serious tone, fitting for healthcare content).
• Voiceover: A professional, empathetic narrator (AI-generated).
• Audience: General public
• Duration: 2 minutes

The AI synced visuals to the script, adding captions and transitions where needed.

The Result

The final video was a blend of visuals and sound, perfectly encapsulating the essence of our blog. Key moments like the explanation of palliative care, tracheostomy, or aggressive treatment options were brought to life in a way that allowed viewers to feel the weight of the decisions.

Monterey Language Services explores the emotional and professional challenges medical interpreters face from navigating complex medical jargon to bearing the weight of traumatic situations.

Stay tuned as we continue exploring the boundaries of technology and storytelling, bringing more interpretation issues into the spotlight.

1. Aren’t translators and interpreters the same?

This is a very, very common misconception. Outside of the language service provider sphere, “translator” and “interpreter” can be used interchangeably in most discussions. Such as: “We’ll need a translator at the board meeting” versus “We’ll need an interpreter at the board meeting.”

But just what is the difference between those terms? Simply enough, both “translator” and “interpreter” refer to someone who conveys information from one language to another; more specifically, a “translator” works with written words, while an “interpreter” works with spoken words. Some people are only translators, some are only interpreters, and others are both.

2. Can’t any bilingual person be a translator/interpreter?

A very common misconception (in the workplace especially) is “Billy is bilingual, so he can handle this project and translate/interpret for us.” Just because a person is bilingual (or trilingual or more, even), does not mean that they have the training required to be a proper translator or interpreter.

Imagine that “Billy” speaks Spanish at home, but grew up going to school where the primary language of instruction was English. While there’s a chance he can talk about any subject at home with his family members, a likely scenario is that he will know more about biology in English terms rather than Spanish terms. Unless the conversation were very simple, such as general conversation for travel or something similar, it would be very difficult for Billy to translate or interpret something.

Translators and interpreters go through rigorous training for their respective crafts, and have expanded their vocabularies enough to compensate. Proper translators and interpreters have high-level certifications as well.

3. I know a translator/interpreter who did Assignment X, why can’t they do Assignment Y?

In the language services industry, some translators and interpreters can fall under the category of “subject matter experts.” These people have trained to not just be general translators or interpreters, but have polished their skills to cater to certain types of work.

Take “Billy” from above, for example. Imagine he’s become passionate for being an interpreter, and his other interest in biology spurs him to an interest in medical interpretation. After enough study, focus, and—of course—certification, he becomes a proper medical interpreter and specializes in speaking between doctors and patients about surgeries. He might be able to do general interpretation as well, but because of his deep specialty, he might have trouble if he suddenly needed to interpret for, say, a lawyer discussing a lawsuit.

Just like how doctors and lawyers require separate studies, medical interpreters and legal interpreters also require focused study in their area of expertise. They may have skills that overlap, but generally, it’s best to rely on separate translators/interpreters who are subject matter experts rather than the same one for every single job.

4. Wouldn’t machine translation work well enough?

Short answer: No.

Long answer: Machine translation can certainly help a translator do their work. Computer-assisted translation tools (called CAT tools in the industry) can keep a handy glossary of terms for the translator, and have the memory to provide reference for older, similar translations.

But if we rely only on machine translation, any number of problems can happen. Machines think very differently than humans and might misinterpret context, homonyms, word register, and so on. Computers may be able to perform complex mathematical calculations, but the human brain is hardwired for language. Put simply, a translation from a human is going to sound a lot more natural—and have fewer mistakes—than a simple machine translation.

5. Why does a translation need proofreading? Shouldn’t the translator be enough for that?

Speaking of “mistakes,” mistakes happen. To err is human, after all. Translators need proofreaders for the same reason that a journalist, book writer, or a lawyer needs one. Mistakes concerning facts, grammar, spelling, etc. can easily be made by any sort of writer, and the same goes for a translator.

Having a second pair of eyes does wonders for any written work. A proofreader for a translation can catch errors in spelling, word register, a forgotten period or comma—anything that might have slipped through the cracks. If you want a translation to be as polished as possible, having a proofreader is essential.

Being a well-rounded translator is not a bad idea, but many translators have their own specialty that they have developed and focused on for their entire career. Sometimes though, translators and interpreters might want a change of pace, and break into different fields. While this isn’t easy, it’s also not impossible to start fresh in a new specialty field. So long as you have the determination and patience necessary to change your specialization, you can do it.

Depending on the field that you are switching to, what you will need to do will change. For example, if you want to go into a technical field such as information technology, you should focus on gaining knowledge of the field to be able to adequately translate or interpret the materials given to you. The best way to do this is to go back to school, or perhaps take a course at a community college. The latter choice would be a relatively inexpensive and an easy way to get the necessary knowledge of information technology. If there are any gaps in your expertise that need to be filled, you can try to contact experts and ask them to give you advice and answer any questions that you might have.

For everything else, there is the internet. For example, if you are trying to learn about the finance, there are many online resources such as investopedia that highlight the intricacies of financial documents. Other fields such as technology—especially more specific fields that deal with things such as data centers, contact centers, cloud services, and cyber security—have very specific terminology that translators who do not specialize in the field might have trouble translating correctly. For these, it might take you some time to read and research online.

For legal and medical matters, it is not as easy as just going back to school. You also need to take required training and have enough experience to satisfactorily translate or interpret matters of the law or medical fields. Experience is tricky to gain without having prior knowledge or specialization, but you can try working as an interpreter in training and begin trying to get your knowledge and experience that way. Try to expose yourself to opportunities and learn on the job, or go back to school and try to learn more about legal or medical terminology. Furthermore, do your best to build a portfolio of your work so that you can quickly show employers what you can bring to the table. Sometimes some work that you’ve done has elements that stand out in other work. With a portfolio, you can easily point to the work you’ve done and prove that you are capable of working in the field.

It’s always about team work. At Monterey Language Services, we are always looking for the right fit for a translation team which always includes a reviewer. Translation can become a long and difficult process if we don’t choose a right team, but then with the right insights and strategies, it becomes easier to control quality and get the desired results.

Lack of the natural flow probably is the most common scenario to be improved. Other than that, many things could be missed in a translation as well, whether it’s due to careless error or a difficulty of tracking everything that the client wants. This is why we need to start with the right foot by choosing a right team to work with for a specific project , and so we can ensure that the translation is accurate, complete, and easy to read.

Then, how do you know what kind of a team would be the best to use? It’s the same for translators and reviewers, you have to choose one that is the best fit for you and the project at hand. This means that even if you are used to using a certain team, you cannot always use them for every project that you have. The selection usually is based on subject specialization. Someone who writes well and is familiar with how subject terminology is used in their daily business. For instance, someone who has experience with the medical field, ideally familiar with whatever is being mentioned in the document. If a translator or a reviewer is unfamiliar with the subject, they may not catch certain errors or they may misunderstand the real meaning or commonly used terminology in that field.

Additionally, you need a team who are familiar with cultural conventions. For example, in Japanese, there are different ways of writing depending on the audience that the document is written for. If someone is not familiar with the different nuances of the language, they might flag certain phrasing or pronoun usage as errors, even though they are correct in the context of the document. This is why depending on the content, it is important to hire translators and reviewers with a certain amount of experience.

One other thing that you might want to be careful of is more in regards to your company itself. The team should be made aware of what is expected of them and what they expect the finished translation to look like and represent. This means everything should be kept handy and shared, including style guides, terminology lists, stop-word lists or any other kind of documents that they want the translation to adhere to. This will help everyone be aware of what they should be looking for when they are translating as well as reviewing.

For language service providers, working from home was already relatively common before the pandemic. There were even some companies whose entire workforce worked remotely. With the coronavirus pandemic, most if not all LSPs have now moved to remote work. Some people are concerned that working from home leads to lower productivity. Many LSPs have seen a reduction in how much work they have, so comparing the company’s efficiency or productivity between “then” and “now” might not give a fully accurate picture of the effects of working from home. But since the future of COVID-19 is uncertain, we think it is likely that LSPs will continue to let their employees work from home for a while yet. And, if companies remain productive once business starts picking back up, perhaps more companies will consider going remote permanently.

Since almost everything has to be conducted remotely these days, usage of technology that allows us to communicate remotely has skyrocketed. This trend includes the use of remote interpretation technology, such as phone and video interpretation. These services allow critical information to be shared safely. While this type of interpretation is usually not a client’s first choice (many people naturally prefer in-person interpretation), people will get accustomed to using it. And once people are used to it, it is less likely that they will stop. This is why we think that even when in-person interpretation is safe again, remote interpretation will remain more popular than it was before the pandemic.

This pandemic has revealed the importance of medical interpretation and translation, and also the limitations that many health care providers have in providing these services, especially interpretation. Many hospitals were not set up to allow for crucial remote interpretation services. Once the pandemic hit, this became even less of a priority for many hospitals, which has potentially had drastic effects on the lives of non-English speakers who contract the virus (US News). Now that this issue has come to light, we hope that health care providers will take it seriously and take action to make language access possible, especially during a time like this when many lives are at stake. We think that this awareness could spark reforms that improve health care language access across the country in the long term.

Finally, we believe we might see a difference in what translators and interpreters choose to specialize in. As discussed before, many industries have been hard hit by this pandemic, and as a result companies are choosing to forego translation and interpretation services for the time being. However, some translators and interpreters are in extra high demand, like those who specialize in medical and legal work. Since many people are currently worried about job security, and will likely remain worried about it in the future, we can expect that many linguists will take steps to ensure their job security, including specializing in a domain that will always be needed even during global emergencies.

In times of uncertainty, speculating about the future can help us feel more prepared for whatever is to come. We are not sure whether our predictions will occur, of course. But what we are sure of is that most people who contribute to the language services industry are passionate and hard working, and will always do their best to make communication possible.

What makes an expert translator? Generally, it’s someone with a wealth of experience in a particular field, which they can bring to translation of materials in that field. The expert translator is able to understand difficult or obscure concepts, and then convey these concepts in another language clearly and accurately while using proper terminology and discourse.

Subjects that typically require expert translators include IT, Law, Medicine, and Business Management, to name only a few. When launching a translation project in one of these fields, we start by putting together an expert team – but no mixing expertises. For example, we will assign legal projects to translators who used to be lawyers, but not IT projects. As another example, we recently translated a large tech company’s presentation into Turkish. Since the subject matter was highly technical, we limited our selection process to translators very familiar with the IT field, and also had an industry expert to go over the translation. This is because we take quality assurance very seriously, and we want to be absolutely sure that the translations we produce are completely accurate. We also take a similar approach when we work with a large volume of medical documents. We put together a team of translators who are experienced at translating such documents, and some translators even have actual medical training.

Expert translators can really shine when it comes to cutting-edge technologies that are quickly becoming the trends of the future, like artificial intelligence (AI), block chain technology, and more. These topics are constantly developing, and expert translators have to keep their knowledge and understanding up-to-date. Imagine being able to understand and express these complex, ever-evolving ideas in not one but two (or more) languages! That is the skill level of some expert translators. In fact, since some of these technologies are so new, there are no equivalent words or phrases in languages other than the one it was developed in. This means that expert translators can sometimes even be the ones to create appropriate terminology in their native language. Working on cutting edge technology provides an exciting opportunity for expert translators, who give tech companies the ability to expand and grow internationally.

For us, working with expert translators is such a dynamic and positive process! It’s a breath of fresh air which always gives us a lot of energy and momentum to keep going and provide the best possible translation and interpretation services to our clients!